Memory impairment is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but interventions to improve memory in persons with TBI have been ineffective. Retrieval practice is a robust memory strategy among healthy undergraduates, whereby practice retrieving information shortly after it is presented leads to better delayed recall than simple restudy. In a verbal paired associate paradigm, we investiga...

Expanding retrieval practice (T. K. Landauer & R. A. Bjork, 1978) is regarded as a superior technique for promoting long-term retention relative to equally spaced retrieval practice. In Experiments 1 and 2, the authors found that expanding retrieval practice of vocabulary word pairs produced short-term benefits 10 min after learning, conceptually replicating Landauer and Bjork's results. Howeve...

Laboratory studies suggest that long term retention of Mathematics learning is enhanced by spaced, as opposed to massed, practice. However, little evidence has been evinced to demonstrate that such spaced learning has a positive impact in real world learning environments, at least partly because of entrenched pedagogy and practice, whereby students are encouraged to engage with Mathematics in a...

The way we study material influences how well we retain it. Psychologists have established that spaced practice leads to better long-term retention of declarative knowledge (facts such as foreign language vocabulary) than massed practice. However, determining the appropriate amount of time between practice sessions is complex and depends on the duration of time over which the material must be a...

What do learners do when they control whether to engage in massed or spaced practice? According to theories by Son (2004) and by Metcalfe and Kornell (2005), the tendency for learners to choose spaced practice over massed practice should decline as item difficulty becomes greater. Support originally was obtained when pairs containing unfamiliar words were presented briefly for study, but subseq...

Abstract After being taught how to perform a new mathematical operation, students are often given several practice problems in single set, such as homework assignment or quiz (i.e., massed practice). An alternative approach is distribute across multiple homeworks quizzes, increasing the temporal interval between spaced Spaced has been shown increase long-term retention of various types mathemat...

The paper aims at the investigation of free word order. It concentrates on the relationship between (formal) dependencies and word order. The investigation is performed by means of a semi-automatic application of a method of analysis by reduction to Czech syntactically annotated data. The paper also presents the analysis of introspectively created Czech sentences demonstrating complex phenomena...

The authors performed a meta-analysis of the distributed practice effect to illuminate the effects of temporal variables that have been neglected in previous reviews. This review found 839 assessments of distributed practice in 317 experiments located in 184 articles. Effects of spacing (consecutive massed presentations vs. spaced learning episodes) and lag (less spaced vs. more spaced learning...

In a three-group, gender-matched, preexisting knowledge-controlled, randomized experiment, we evaluated the effect of learner control over study pace on healthcare executives’ performance in an online statistics course. Overall, frequent deadlines enhanced distribution of practice and improved learning. Students with less control over pace (in groups with weekly deadlines) spaced their study ep...

Concern that students in the United States are less proficient in mathematics, science, and reading than their peers in other countries has led some to question whether American students spend enough time in school. Instead of debating the amount of time that should be spent in school (and on schoolwork), this article addresses how the available instructional time might be optimally utilized vi...